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1 must
must [mʌst]1. modal verba. (obligation)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When must expresses obligation, it is translated either by the impersonal expression il faut que, which is followed by the subjunctive, or by devoir, followed by the infinitive; il faut que is more emphatic.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I must see him! il faut absolument que je le voie !• why must you always be so pessimistic? pourquoi faut-il toujours que tu sois si pessimiste ?• it must not be forgotten that... il ne faut pas oublier que...• "the windows must not be opened" « défense d'ouvrir les fenêtres »► I must say or admit• this came as a surprise, I must say je dois avouer que cela m'a surprisb. (invitations, suggestions)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When you must is used to make invitations and suggestions more forceful, the imperative may be used in French.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► you mustn't ( = don't)• he must be regretting it, mustn't he? il le regrette sûrement• he must be mad! il est fou !• you must be joking! vous plaisantez !━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► must have made/had/been etc━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The perfect tense of devoir + infinitive is generally used to translate must have + past participle.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• was he disappointed? -- he must have been! est-ce qu'il a été déçu ? -- sûrement !2. noun• a must for all students! un must pour les étudiants !3. compounds* * *Note: When must indicates obligation or necessity, French tends to use either the verb devoir or the impersonal construction il faut que + subjunctive: I must go = je dois partir, il faut que je parte. For examples and particular usages see I 1 and I 3 below. See also have II 1 and the related usage noteWhen must expresses assumption or probability, the verb devoir is always used: it must strike you as odd that = ça doit te sembler bizarre que (+ subj). See I 7 below for further examplesFor the conjugation of devoir, see the French verb tables[mʌst, məst] 1.1) (indicating obligation, prohibition)you mustn't mention this to anyone — il ne faut en parler à personne, tu ne dois en parler à personne
withdrawals must not exceed £200 — les retraits ne doivent pas dépasser 200 livres sterling
2) (indicating requirement, condition)to gain a licence you must spend 40 hours in the air — pour obtenir son brevet il faut avoir 40 heures de vol
3) (stressing importance, necessity)you must be patient — il faut que tu sois patient, tu dois être patient
I feel I must tell you that... — je pense devoir te dire que...
very nice, I must say! — iron très gentil vraiment! iron
4) ( expressing intention)I must check the reference — je dois vérifier la référence, il faut que je vérifie la référence
5) ( indicating irritation)well, come in if you must — bon, entre si tu y tiens
he's ill, if you must know — il est malade si tu veux vraiment le savoir
6) (in invitations, suggestions)7) (expressing assumption, probability)8) (expressing strong interest, desire)2.this film is a must — ce film est à voir or à ne pas rater
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2 must
I [ forma debole məst, forma forte mʌst]you must check your rearview mirror before indicating — si deve guardare nello specchietto prima di mettere la freccia
to gain a licence you must spend 40 hours in the air — per ottenere il brevetto devi avere fatto almeno 40 ore di volo
3) (stressing importance, necessity)tell her she mustn't worry — dille di non preoccuparsi o che non deve preoccuparsi
I must say, I was impressed — devo dire che sono rimasto impressionato
well, come in if you must — e va bene, entra, se proprio devi
he's ill, if you must know — è malato, se proprio vuoi saperlo
7) (expressing assumption, probability)II [mʌst]because he said nothing people thought he must be shy — siccome stava in silenzio, la gente pensava che fosse timido
it's a must — è un must ( for per)
III [mʌst]if you're going to Paris, a visit to the Louvre is a must — se vai a Parigi devi assolutamente visitare il Louvre
nome enol. mosto m.* * *1. negative short form - mustn't; verb1) (used with another verb to express need: We must go to the shops to get milk.) dovere2) (used, usually with another verb, to suggest a probability: They must be finding it very difficult to live in such a small house.) dovere3) (used, usually with another verb, to express duty, an order, rule etc: You must come home before midnight; All competitors must be under 15 years of age.) dovere2. noun(something necessary, essential, or not to be missed: This new tent is a must for the serious camper.) must, (cosa indispensabile)* * *must (1) /mʌst/n. [u]mosto; vino nuovo (fam.).must (2) /mʌst/n. [u]1 muffa2 sentore di muffa; muffosità.must (3) /mʌst/A n. [u]B a.( d'elefante, ecc.) infuriato; eccitato.♦ must (4) /mʌst, məst/v. modalemust, come tutti i verbi modali, ha caratteristiche particolari:● è usato solo come presente (tranne che nel discorso indiretto, V. def. 3);● non ha forme flesse (-s alla 3a persona sing., -ing, -ed), non è mai usato con ausiliari e non ha quindi tempi composti; in sostituzione si usano, a seconda del significato, to have to, to be obliged, to be likely, ecc.;● forma le domande mediante la semplice posposizione del soggetto;● l'infinito che segue non ha la particella to;● viene usato nelle question tags1 ( esprime dovere dettato da regola, legge, necessità, esigenza, forte opportunità, ecc.) – Rules must be obeyed, si deve obbedire alle regole; le regole vanno obbedite; Dogs must be kept on a lead, i cani devono essere al guinzaglio; A solution must be found, bisogna (o si deve) trovare una soluzione; You mustn't say that, non devi dire così; I must leave in five minutes, devo andar via tra cinque minuti; I really must ring him up, devo proprio telefonargli; I must insist, devo insistere2 ( esprime forte probabilità, certezza) – It must be dark outside, dev'essere buio fuori; You must be Jack's brother, tu devi essere il fratello di Jack; It must have rained, dev'essere piovuto; Hours must have passed, dovevano essere passate delle ore; You must have heard me when I called you, non puoi non avermi sentito quando ti ho chiamato3 ( dopo verbi di pensiero, opinione, ecc., al passato) – He decided that he must see her again, decise che doveva rivederla; I knew that I must act quickly, sapevo che dovevo agire immediatamente4 ( esprime suggerimento o invito pressante) – You must see a doctor, devi farti vedere da un dottore; You mustn't worry, non devi preoccuparti; You must come and see us, dovete venire a trovarci; You simply must see that film, devi assolutamente vedere quel film5 ( esprime simpatia, sorpresa, incredulità) – She must have been worried sick!, deve essere stata terribilmente in pensiero!; He must be mad, dev'essere matto; You must be joking!, tu scherzi!6 ( esprime irritazione) – OK, do it, if you must, e va bene, fallo, se proprio devi; He has already paid me, if you must know, mi ha già pagato, se proprio vuoi saperlo; Must you keep the volume so loud?, devi proprio tenere il volume così alto?● You must know that…, devi sapere che… □ I must say, devo dire; effettivamente; davvero: I must say I was impressed, devo dire che sono rimasto colpito; Very odd, I must say, davvero molto strano □ It must be said that…, bisogna dire che…; va detto che…must (5) /mʌst/n.(fam.) (una) cosa che si deve fare (o conoscere, leggere, vedere, ecc.); (una) cosa di cui non si può fare a meno: This film is a must, è un film da vedere; Sunscreen is a must on a sailboat, non si può fare a meno della crema solare (o la crema solare è indispensabile) in barca a vela● (fam.) must-buy, cosa da comprare a tutti i costi □ (fam.) must-have, cosa che bisogna avere □ a must-see, una cosa che bisogna vedere.* * *I [ forma debole məst, forma forte mʌst]you must check your rearview mirror before indicating — si deve guardare nello specchietto prima di mettere la freccia
to gain a licence you must spend 40 hours in the air — per ottenere il brevetto devi avere fatto almeno 40 ore di volo
3) (stressing importance, necessity)tell her she mustn't worry — dille di non preoccuparsi o che non deve preoccuparsi
I must say, I was impressed — devo dire che sono rimasto impressionato
well, come in if you must — e va bene, entra, se proprio devi
he's ill, if you must know — è malato, se proprio vuoi saperlo
7) (expressing assumption, probability)II [mʌst]because he said nothing people thought he must be shy — siccome stava in silenzio, la gente pensava che fosse timido
it's a must — è un must ( for per)
III [mʌst]if you're going to Paris, a visit to the Louvre is a must — se vai a Parigi devi assolutamente visitare il Louvre
nome enol. mosto m. -
3 must
1. auxiliary verb, only in pres. and past1) (have to) müssen; with negative dürfenyou must not/never do that — das darfst du nicht/nie tun
you must remember... — du darfst nicht vergessen,...; du musst daran denken,...
you mustn't do that again! — tu das [ja] nie wieder!
I must get back to the office — ich muss wieder ins Büro
if you must know — wenn du es unbedingt wissen willst
2) (ought to) müssen; with negative dürfenyou must think about it — du solltest [unbedingt] darüber nachdenken
I must not sit here drinking coffee — ich sollte od. dürfte eigentlich nicht hier sitzen und Kaffee trinken
3) (be certain to) müssenyou must be tired — du musst müde sein; du bist bestimmt müde
it must be about 3 o'clock — es wird wohl od. dürfte od. müsste etwa 3 Uhr sein
it must have stopped raining by now — es dürfte od. müsste inzwischen aufgehört haben zu regnen
there must have been forty of them — (forty) es müssen vierzig gewesen sein; (probably about forty) es dürften etwa vierzig gewesen sein
4) (expr. indignation or annoyance)2. nounhe must come just when... — er muss/musste natürlich od. ausgerechnet kommen, wenn/als...
(coll.) Muß, dasbe a must for somebody/something — ein Muß für jemanden/unerlässlich für etwas sein
* * *1. negative short form - mustn't; verb1) (used with another verb to express need: We must go to the shops to get milk.) müssen2) (used, usually with another verb, to suggest a probability: They must be finding it very difficult to live in such a small house.) müssen (Konjunktiv)3) (used, usually with another verb, to express duty, an order, rule etc: You must come home before midnight; All competitors must be under 15 years of age.) müssen2. noun(something necessary, essential, or not to be missed: This new tent is a must for the serious camper.) das Muß- academic.ru/117467/must_have">must have* * *[mʌst]I. aux vb1. (be obliged) müssenall handbags \must be left at the cloakroom for security reasons lassen Sie bitte aus Sicherheitsgründen alle Handtaschen in der Garderobe▪ \must not [or \mustn't] nicht dürfenyou \mustn't say anything to anyone about this matter darüber darfst du mit niemandem sprechen2. (be required) müssenyou \must take these pills every day Sie müssen diese Tabletten täglich einnehmen\must you leave so soon? müssen Sie schon so früh gehen?3. (should) ich sollte/du solltest/er/sie/es sollten/wir sollten/ihr solltet/sie solltenyou really \must read this book dieses Buch sollten Sie wirklich einmal lesenyou \must come and visit us Sie sollten uns bald einmal besuchen kommen4. (be likely) müssenit \must be true das muss wohl stimmenyou \must be very tired ihr seid bestimmt sehr müdethere \must be something wrong es muss ein Problem geben [o etwas vorgefallen sein5. (be certain to) müssenI \must seem very rude when I say things like that ich wirke bestimmt sehr grob, wenn ich so etwas sageshe \must be wondering where I've got to sie wird sich bestimmt fragen, wo ich abgeblieben binyou \must really like her du musst sie wirklich sehr mögenyou \must be joking! du machst wohl Witze!6. (be necessary) müssenI \must ask you not to smoke in my house ich muss Sie bitten, in meinem Haus nicht zu rauchenyou \mustn't worry too much about it jetzt mach dir deswegen nicht so viele Sorgen7. (show irritation) müssen\must you always have the last word? musst du immer das letzte Wort haben?smoke if you \must then dann rauche, wenn es [denn] unbedingt sein muss8. (intend to) müssenI \mustn't forget to put the bins out tonight ich darf nicht vergessen, heute Abend den Abfall rauszubringen▪ to be a \must ein Muss nt seinif you live in the country a car is a \must wenn man auf dem Land lebt, ist ein Wagen unerlässlichthis book is a \must! dieses Buch muss man gelesen haben!III. in compoundsthis film is a \must-see diesen Film muss man einfach gesehen haben* * *I [mʌst]1. vb aux present tense only1) müssenyou must ( go and) see this church — Sie müssen sich (dat) diese Kirche unbedingt ansehen
3)(= be certain to)
he must be there by now — er ist wohl inzwischen daI must have lost it — ich habe es wohl verloren, ich muss es wohl verloren haben; (with stress on must) ich muss es verloren haben
you must have heard of him — Sie haben bestimmt schon von ihm gehört; (with stress on must) Sie müssen doch schon von ihm gehört haben
there must have been five of them — es müssen fünf gewesen sein; (about five) es waren wohl etwa fünf; (at least five) es waren bestimmt fünf
there must be a reason for it — es gibt bestimmt eine Erklärung dafür; (with stress on must) es muss doch eine Erklärung dafür geben
it must be about 3 o'clock — es wird wohl (so) etwa 3 Uhr sein, es muss so gegen 3 Uhr sein
I must have been dreaming —
you must be crazy! — du bist ja or wohl wahnsinnig!
4) (showing annoyance) müssen2. n (inf)Muss nt/an umbrella is a must — man braucht unbedingt Humor/einen Schirm, Humor/ein Schirm ist unerlässlich
IIthis novel/film is a must for everyone — diesen Roman/diesen Film muss man einfach or unbedingt gelesen/gesehen haben
n(= mustiness) Muffigkeit f IIIn (WINEMAKING)Most m* * *must1 [mʌst]A v/aux 3. sg präs must, prät must, inf und Partizipien fehlenall men must die alle Menschen müssen sterben;I must go now ich muss jetzt gehen;must he do that? muss er das tun?;he must be over eighty er muss über achtzig (Jahre alt) sein;it must look strange es muss (notwendigerweise) merkwürdig aussehen;you must have heard it du musst es gehört habenyou must not smoke here du darfst hier nicht rauchenit was too late now, he must go on es war bereits zu spät, er musste weitergehen;just as I was busiest, he must come gerade als ich am meisten zu tun hatte, musste er kommenB adj unerlässlich, unbedingt zu erledigen(d) (etc), absolut notwendig:C s Muss n, Unerlässlichkeit f, absolute Notwendigkeit:it is a(n absolute) must es ist unerlässlich oder unbedingt erforderlich;this place is a must for tourists diesen Ort muss man (als Tourist) gesehen habenmust2 [mʌst] s Most mmust3 [mʌst] s1. Moder m, Schimmel m2. Dumpfigkeit f, Modrigkeit fmust4 [mʌst]A s Brunst f, Wut f (männlicher Elefanten oder Kamele)B adj brünstig, wütend* * *1. auxiliary verb, only in pres. and past1) (have to) müssen; with negative dürfenyou must not/never do that — das darfst du nicht/nie tun
you must remember... — du darfst nicht vergessen,...; du musst daran denken,...
you mustn't do that again! — tu das [ja] nie wieder!
2) (ought to) müssen; with negative dürfenyou must think about it — du solltest [unbedingt] darüber nachdenken
I must not sit here drinking coffee — ich sollte od. dürfte eigentlich nicht hier sitzen und Kaffee trinken
3) (be certain to) müssenyou must be tired — du musst müde sein; du bist bestimmt müde
it must be about 3 o'clock — es wird wohl od. dürfte od. müsste etwa 3 Uhr sein
it must have stopped raining by now — es dürfte od. müsste inzwischen aufgehört haben zu regnen
there must have been forty of them — (forty) es müssen vierzig gewesen sein; (probably about forty) es dürften etwa vierzig gewesen sein
4) (expr. indignation or annoyance)2. nounhe must come just when... — er muss/musste natürlich od. ausgerechnet kommen, wenn/als...
(coll.) Muß, dasbe a must for somebody/something — ein Muß für jemanden/unerlässlich für etwas sein
* * *aux.muss aux.musst aux. modalmüssen aux. -
4 must
[mʌst] aux vb1) ( be obliged) müssen;all handbags \must be left at the cloakroom for security reasons lassen Sie bitte aus Sicherheitsgründen alle Handtaschen in der Garderobe;\must not [or \mustn't] nicht dürfen;you \mustn't say anything to anyone about this matter darüber darfst du mit niemandem sprechen2) ( be required) müssen;you \must take these pills every day Sie müssen diese Tabletten täglich einnehmen;\must you leave so soon? müssen Sie schon so früh gehen?3) ( should) ich sollte/du solltest/er/sie/es sollten/wir sollten/ihr solltet/sie sollten;you really \must read this book dieses Buch sollten Sie wirklich einmal lesen;you \must come and visit us Sie sollten uns bald einmal besuchen kommen4) ( be certain to) müssen;I \must seem very rude when I say things like that ich wirke bestimmt sehr grob, wenn ich so etwas sage;she \must be wondering where I have got to sie wird sich bestimmt fragen, wo ich abgeblieben bin;you \must really like her du musst sie wirklich sehr mögen;you \must be joking! du machst wohl Witze!;you \must be out of your mind! du hast wohl den Verstand verloren! ( fam)5) ( be necessary) müssen;I \must ask you not to smoke in my house ich muss Sie bitten, in meinem Haus nicht zu rauchen;you \mustn't worry too much about it jetzt mach dir deswegen nicht so viele Sorgen6) ( show irritation) müssen;\must you always have the last word? musst du immer das letzte Wort haben?;smoke if you \must then dann rauche, wenn es [denn] unbedingt sein muss7) ( intend to) müssen;I \mustn't forget to put the bins out tonight ich darf nicht vergessen, heute Abend den Abfall rauszubringen nno pl Muss nt kein pl;to be a \must ein Muss nt sein;if you live in the country a car is a \must wenn man auf dem Land lebt, ist ein Wagen ein unerlässlich;this book is a \must! dieses Buch muss man gelesen haben! comp -see, -do;this film is a \must-see diesen Film muss man einfach gesehen haben -
5 must
I.II.must, [transcription][m\\@st]❢ When must indicates obligation or necessity, French tends to use either the verb devoir or the impersonal construction il faut que + subjunctive: I must go = je dois partir, il faut que je parte. For examples and particular usages see A 1 and A 3 below. See also have B 1 and the related usage note.When must expresses assumptions or probability, the verb devoir is always used: it must strike you as odd that = ça doit te sembler bizarre que (+ subj). See A 7 below for further examples. For the conjugation of devoir, see the French verb tables.1 (indicating obligation, prohibition) you must check your rearview mirror before indicating il faut regarder dans le rétroviseur avant de mettre son clignotant ; the feeding bottles must be sterilized les biberons doivent être stérilisés ; they said she must be consulted first ils ont dit qu'il fallait d'abord la consulter ; must we really be up by 7 am? est-ce qu'il faut vraiment qu'on soit levé pour 7 heures? ; you mustn't mention this to anyone il ne faut en parler à personne, tu ne dois en parler à personne ; all visitors must leave the premises tous les visiteurs doivent quitter les lieux ; the loan must be repaid in one year le prêt est remboursable en un an ; withdrawals must not exceed £200 les retraits ne doivent pas dépasser 200 livres sterling ; they begin, as all parents must, to adapt comme tous les parents, ils commencent à s'habituer ; it must eventually have an effect ça doit finir par avoir des conséquences ;2 (indicating requirement, condition) candidates must be EU nationals les candidats doivent être ressortissants d'un des pays de l'UE ; applicants must have spent at least one year abroad les candidats doivent avoir passé au moins un an à l'étranger ; to gain a licence you must spend 40 hours in the air pour obtenir son brevet il faut avoir 40 heures de vol ;3 (stressing importance, necessity) children must be alerted to the dangers les enfants doivent être avertis des dangers, il faut que les enfants soient avertis des dangers ; we must do more to improve standards il faut faire plus or nous devons faire plus pour améliorer le niveau ; immigrants must not become scapegoats il ne faut pas que les immigrés deviennent des boucs émissaires, les immigrés ne doivent pas devenir des boucs émissaires ; you must be patient il faut que tu sois patient, tu dois être patient ; tell her she mustn't worry dis-lui de ne pas s'inquiéter ; we must never forget il ne faut jamais oublier ; I must ask you not to smoke je dois vous demander de ne pas fumer ; it's very odd I must admit c'est très étrange je dois l'avouer ; I feel I must tell you that je pense devoir te dire que ; it must be said that il faut dire que ; I must apologize for being late je vous demande d'excuser mon retard ; I must say I was impressed je dois dire que j'étais impressionné ; that was pretty rude I must say! je dois dire que c'était assez impoli! ; very nice, I must say! iron très gentil vraiment! iron ;4 ( expressing intention) we must ask them about it soon il faut que nous leur demandions bientôt ; I must check the reference je dois vérifier la référence, il faut que je vérifie la référence ; we mustn't forget to let the cat out il ne faut pas or nous ne devons pas oublier de laisser sortir le chat ;5 ( indicating irritation) well, come in if you must bon, entre si tu insistes ; why must she always be so cynical? pourquoi faut-il toujours qu'elle soit si cynique? ; he's ill, if you must know il est malade si tu veux vraiment le savoir ; must you make such a mess? est-ce que tu as vraiment besoin de mettre le désordre? ;6 (in invitations, suggestions) you must come and visit us! il faut vraiment que vous veniez nous voir! ; we really must get together soon il faudrait vraiment qu'on se voie bientôt ; you must meet Flora Brown il faut absolument que tu fasses la connaissance de Flora Brown ;7 (expressing assumption, probability) it must be difficult living there ça doit être difficile de vivre là-bas ; it must have been very interesting for you to do ça a dû être très intéressant pour toi de faire ; there must be some mistake! il doit y avoir une erreur! ; they must be wondering what happened to us ils doivent se demander ce qui nous est arrivé ; what must people think? qu'est-ce que les gens doivent penser? ; viewers must have been surprised les téléspectateurs ont dû être surpris ; that must mean we're at the terminus ça doit vouloir dire que nous sommes au terminus ; that must be Marie-Hélène's tea ça doit être le thé de Marie-Hélène ; because he said nothing people thought he must be shy comme il ne disait rien les gens pensaient qu'il devait être timide ; they must really detest each other ils doivent vraiment se détester ; they must be even richer than we thought ils doivent être encore plus riches qu'on ne le pensait ; ‘he said so’-‘oh well it MUST be right, mustn't it?’ iron ‘c'est ce qu'il a dit’-‘ça doit être vrai alors!’ ; anyone who believes her must be naïve il faut vraiment être naïf pour la croire ; you must be out of your mind! tu es fou! ;8 (expressing strong interest, desire) this I must see! il faut que je voie ça! ; we simply must get away from here! il faut à tout prix que nous sortions d'ici!B n it's a must c'est indispensable (for pour) ; the book is a must for all gardeners ce livre est indispensable or est un must ○ pour tous les amateurs de jardinage ; Latin is no longer a must for access to university le latin n'est plus indispensable pour entrer à l'université ; this film is a must ce film est à voir or à ne pas rater ; if you're going to Paris, a visit to the Louvre is a must si vous allez à Paris une visite au Louvre s'impose. -
6 must
s.to be a must ser imprescindiblethis film's a must esta película hay que verla o no hay que perdérsela4 mosto, jugo extraído de la uva.5 condición necesaria, requisito, condición.6 requisito indispensable, algo que se debe hacer definitivamente, algo necesario, algo que se debe hacer.vi.enmohecerse.va.1 tener que, deber (expressing obligation)2 tener que (suggesting, inviting)3 deber de (expressing probability)4 ser o estar obligado o precisado.5 necesitar, hacer falta, precisar, tener necesidad de,ser preciso, ser menester, ser necesario, convenir, haber de hacerse alguna cosa. (pt have to) -
7 must
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8 must
Ⅰ.must1 [məs, məst, stressed mʌst](a) (expressing necessity, obligation) devoir;∎ you must lock the door vous devez fermer ou il faut que vous fermiez la porte à clé;∎ you must hurry up il faut vous dépêcher;∎ I must go now il faut que je parte (maintenant);∎ the system must change il faut que le système change;∎ I must admit the idea intrigues me je dois avouer que l'idée m'intrigue;∎ he is stupid, I must say il est stupide, je dois l'avouer;∎ ironic very clever, I must say! je dois dire que c'est très astucieux!;∎ I must say I thought it was rather good je dois dire que c'était très bien;∎ if I/you/ etc must s'il le faut;∎ I can't! - you must! je ne peux pas! - mais il le faut!;∎ if you must know, he's asked me out to dinner si tu veux tout savoir, il m'a invitée à dîner;∎ this I must see! il faut que je voie ça!;∎ you really must see his latest film il faut vraiment que tu voies son dernier film;∎ must you be so rude? es-tu obligé d'être aussi grossier?;∎ they told us we must leave ils nous ont dit qu'il fallait que nous partions, ils nous ont dit que nous devions partir;∎ you mustn't smoke il est interdit de fumer;∎ you mustn't tell anyone vous ne devez le dire à personne, il ne faut le dire à personne;∎ I mustn't say any more je n'ai pas le droit d'en dire plus;∎ we mustn't be late il ne faut pas que nous soyons en retard;∎ they told us we mustn't come before 10 o'clock ils nous ont dit de ne pas arriver avant 10 heures;∎ you mustn't forget to press this button n'oubliez (surtout) pas d'appuyer sur ce bouton;∎ if you must drink so much, what do you expect? si tu t'entêtes à boire autant, il ne faut pas t'étonner!(b) (suggesting, inviting)∎ you must meet my wife il faut que vous rencontriez ou fassiez la connaissance de ma femme;∎ you must come and see us il faut (absolument) que vous veniez nous voir(c) (expressing likelihood) devoir;∎ you must be Alison vous devez être Alison;∎ you must be famished vous devez être morts de faim;∎ it must be very hard for you ça doit être très dur pour toi;∎ there must be thousands of them! il doit y en avoir des milliers!;∎ you must be joking! tu plaisantes!;∎ if he says so it must be true s'il le dit, c'est que c'est vrai(d) (with "have" + past participle) (making assumptions, stating requirements) she must have forgotten elle a dû oublier, elle a sans doute oublié;∎ has she forgotten? - she must have elle a oublié? - sans doute ou certainement;∎ you must have known! vous le saviez sûrement!;∎ was it her? - it must have been est-ce que c'était elle? - oui, je pense;∎ there must have been at least a thousand people il devait y avoir au moins un millier de personnes;∎ I saw that he must have suspected something j'ai bien vu qu'il avait dû se douter de quelque chose;∎ before applying candidates must have successfully completed all their exams les candidats doivent avoir obtenu tous leurs examens avant de se présenter2 noun∎ familiar sunglasses are a must les lunettes de soleil sont absolument indispensables□ ;∎ this film/his new album is a must il faut absolument avoir vu ce film/acheter son dernier album□ ;∎ fake fur is a must this year la fausse fourrure est un must cette annéeⅡ.must2 [mʌst](b) (for wine) moût m -
9 must
̈ɪmʌst I (полная форма) ;
(редуцированная форма) гл.;
модал.
1) выражает обязанность, приказание или обязательность чего-л.: должен, обязан I must go to work at eight o'clock. ≈ Я должен идти на работу в восемь часов. You must do as i tell you. ≈ Ты должен делать так, как я тебе говорю. An automobile must gave gasoline to run. ≈ Автомобилю требуется горючее для передвижения. What must be, will be. ≈ Чему суждено случиться, того не миновать.
2) выражает настоятельный совет или приглашение: должен, нужно You must go and see this film. ≈ Ты должен пойти и посмотреть этот фильм. All of you must read this book. ≈ Вам всем следует прочитать эту книгу. You must come and have dinner with us some day. ≈ Вы должны как-нибудь прийти и пообедать с нами.
3) выражает внутренне осознанную необходимость: надо, нужно, необходимо, должен I must do it today. Do it if you must. ≈ Я должен сделать это сегодня. Делай это, если ты должен. He said he must speak to the doctor. ≈ Он сказал, что должен поговорить с доктором.
4) в отрицательной форме имеет значение категорического запрещения: нельзя, не должен, запрещается You mustn't play with matches. ≈ Нельзя играть со спичками. Visitors must not feed the animals. ≈ Посетителям запрещается кормить животных.
5) в утвердительных предложениях выражает предположение с большей степенью уверенности в совершении действия, чем глагол may: He must be home by now, he left an hour ago. ≈ К этому времени он наверняка должен быть дома, он ушел час назад. You must know her. ≈ Ты должен ее знать. They must be waiting for us already. ≈ Должно быть, они уже ждут нас. I must have seen you somewhere, your face is very familiar to me. ≈ Должно быть, я вас видел где-то, ваше лицо мне очень знакомо. I must have been reading for four hours. ≈ Должно быть, я читаю уже четыре часа.
6) разг. выражает непредвиденную обыкн. досадную случайность As soon as I had recovered from my illness, what must I do but break my leg? ≈ И надо же мне было сломать себе ногу как раз тогда, когда я поправился. Just when I was busiest, that bore C. must come in and waste three hours. ≈ Надо же, именно, когда у меня не было ни минуты свободного времени, должен был явиться этот зануда С., и мне пришлось пришлось потратить зря три часа. ∙ I must say ≈ должен сказать you must know, you must understand ≈ я бы хотел, чтобы ты знал if you must know II сущ.;
разг. необходимость, потребность exercise is a must ≈ упражнение - это существенно необходимая вещь These valuable books are musts for you. ≈ Эти ценные книги жизненно необходимы для тебя. Syn: essential
2., necessity III сущ. плесень;
затхлость;
тж. перен. Syn: mold, mustiness IV сущ.
1) молодое вино;
муст, виноградное сусло
2) диал. жмых яблок или груш (для производства яблочного или грушевого сидра) V
1. сущ. неистовство, безумие( у самцов слонов и верблюдов во время гона)
2. прил. находящийся в состоянии неистовства, безумия (у самцов слонов и верблюдов во время гона) ;
тж. перен. to go must ≈ впадать в бешенство( разговорное) необходимость, насущная потребность - a raincoat is an absolute * плащ совершенно необходим то, что необходимо увидеть, прочесть и т. п. - I want to see the film;
they say it's a * я хочу посмотреть этот фильм;
говорят, что пропустить его - грех - this book is a * непременно нужно прочитать эту книгу выражает: долженствование, долг, необходимость - we * obey the laws мы должны подчиняться законам - I * go мне нужно /я должен/ уйти - you *n't do that ты не должен этого делать - if you *, you * нужно, значит нужно - * you go so soon? - Yes, unfortunately I * неужели вам надо так рано /уже/ уходить? - К сожалению, да - this plant * have continued attention это растение требует непрерывного ухода - we * see what can be done about it нужно подумать, что можно предпринять - why * you be always meddling? и чего вы вечно вмешиваетесь в чужие дела? - you * know that it is not true вам следует /нужно/ знать, что это неправда;
должен сказать вам, что это неправда - I * away (устаревшее) мне нужно ехать /уходить/, я должен уйти увещевание, убедительную просьбу, настойчивый совет - I * ask you not to do that any more я вас очень прошу больше этого не делать - I * ask you to retract that я прошу вас взять эти слова обратно - you simply * visit the exhibition вам обязательно надо пойти на эту выставку - you * stay till tomorrow, you simply *! вы непременно должны остаться до завтра! - you *n't mind what a sick person says не нужно /не следует, не стоит/ обращать внимание на то, что говорит больной человек запрещение( в отрицательных предложениях) - you * not touch this book! не смей трогать эту книгу! - you * not speak so loud here здесь нельзя говорить так громко - cars * not be parked in front of this gate стоянка у этих ворот запрещена непредвиденную и обыкн. досадную случайность - just when we were ready to go away for the holidays, the baby * catch measles и надо же было ребенку подхватить корь, как раз когда мы собрались уехать на праздники - as we were starting what * he do but cut his finger! когда мы уже собирались отправиться, он взял и порезал себе палец! нежелательное действие - * you shout so loudly! неужели нужно так громко кричать! - at a time when everybody was in bed, he * turn on the wireless когда все уже легли спать, ему обязательно понадобилось включить радио /он взял да и включил радио/ предположение (с простым инфинитивом в отношении настоящего, с перфектным инфинитивом - прошедшего;
употр. только в утвердительных предложениях) - he * be there now он, вероятно, сейчас там - if he says so it * be true если он это говорит, то это, должно быть, правда - as you * know, it is quite untrue как вы, вероятно, знаете, это совершенно не так - this * be what he means по-видимому, это то, что он имеет в виду - he * have made a mistake он, наверное /должно быть, вероятно/, допустил ошибку - he * have seen it он, наверное, это видел неосуществленную возможность в прошлом, употребляется с перфектным инфинитивом только в условных предложениях - if he had looked, he * have seen the lights of the approaching train если бы он только посмотрел, он должен был бы увидеть /он обязательно увидел бы/ огни приближающегося поезда > I * say должен сказать > I * say, I'm rather surprised должен сказать, что это меня удивляет > he is right, I * say я должен сказать /нужно признаться/, что он прав > needs * см. needs против рожна не попрешь муст, виноградное сусло;
молодое вино (диалектизм) жмых яблок или груш плесень затхлость (диалектизм) заплесневеть, покрыться плесенью, зацвести покрыть плесенью бешенство в период гона (у слонов или верблюдов) I ~ away я должен ехать must модальный, недостаточный глагол выражает долженствование, обязанность: I must go home я должен идти домой if you ~, you ~ если надо, так надо;
what must be, will be чему суждено случиться, того не миновать ~ разг. настоятельная необходимость;
требование;
it is a rigid must это обязательно нужно сделать ~ модальный, недостаточный глагол выражает непредвиденную случайность: just as I was getting better what must I do but break my leg и надо же мне было сломать себе ногу как раз тогда, когда я начал поправляться ~ модальный, недостаточный глагол выражает необходимость: one must eat to live нужно есть, чтобы жить if you ~, you ~ если надо, так надо;
what must be, will be чему суждено случиться, того не миновать if you ~, you ~ если надо, так надо;
what must be, will be чему суждено случиться, того не миновать if you ~, you ~ если надо, так надо;
what must be, will be чему суждено случиться, того не миновать ~ модальный, недостаточный глагол выражает уверенность, очевидность: you must be aware of this вы, конечно, знаете об этом;
you must have heard about it вы, должно быть, об этом слышали you ~ do as you are told вы должны делать так, как вам говорят ~ модальный, недостаточный глагол выражает уверенность, очевидность: you must be aware of this вы, конечно, знаете об этом;
you must have heard about it вы, должно быть, об этом слышали ~ модальный, недостаточный глагол выражает запрещение (в отриц. форме): you must not go there вам нельзя ходить туда -
10 must
1. negative short form - mustn't; verb1) (used with another verb to express need: We must go to the shops to get milk.) deber, tener que2) (used, usually with another verb, to suggest a probability: They must be finding it very difficult to live in such a small house.) deber3) (used, usually with another verb, to express duty, an order, rule etc: You must come home before midnight; All competitors must be under 15 years of age.) deber
2. noun(something necessary, essential, or not to be missed: This new tent is a must for the serious camper.) algo imprescindiblemust vb1. deber / tener que2. deber deyou haven't slept, you must be tired no has dormido, debes de estar cansadotr[mʌst]1 (necessity, obligation) deber, tener que■ must you play your music so loud? ¿es necesario poner la música tan fuerte?■ I'd rather you didn't, but if you must... preferiría que no lo hicieras, pero si te empeñas...2 (probability) deber de■ you must be Mr. Black debe de ser el Sr. Black1 (need) necesidad nombre femenino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLif I must si no hay más remedioif you must know,... si te empeñas en saberlo,...————————tr[mʌst]1 (mould) moho————————tr[mʌst]1 (of grapes) mostomust ['mʌst] v auxyou must stop: debes pararwe must obey: tenemos que obedeceryou must be tired: debes de estar cansadoit must be late: ha de ser tardemust n: necesidad fexercise is a must: el ejercicio es imprescindibleaux.n.• moho s.m.• mosto s.m.v.aux.• deber v.aux.v.invar.• mosto (Alimentación) s.m.
I mʌst, weak form məst1)a) ( expressing obligation) tener* que or deberit must be remembered that... — hay que recordar que..., tenemos que or debemos recordar que...
she must not know that I am here — no debe enterarse de que estoy aquí, que no se entere de que estoy aquí
you make so much noise? — ¿hace falta or es necesario hacer tanto ruido?I'll read you my poem - oh well, if you must(, you must) — te voy a leer mi poema - bueno, si te empeñas
I must say, everywhere looks very tidy — tengo que reconocer que está todo muy ordenado
b) (in invitations, suggestions)2) (expressing certainty, supposition) deber (de) or (esp AmL) haber* deit must be six o'clock — deben (de) ser or (esp AmL) han de ser las seis, serán las seis
there must be another way! — debe (de) or tiene que haber otra manera!
II mʌst1) c (essential thing, activity)a car is a must here — aquí es indispensable or imprescindible tener coche
2) u ( Culin) mosto m
I
[mʌst]N = mustiness
II [mʌst]1. MODAL VB1) (obligation) deber, tener queI must do it — debo hacerlo, tengo que hacerlo
the patient must have complete quiet — el enfermo debe tener or tiene que tener or requiere silencio absoluto
•
I'll do it if I must — si me obligan, lo haré, lo haré si es necesario•
if you must know, I'm Portuguese — para que lo sepa, soy portugués•
one must not be too hopeful — no hay que ser demasiado optimista•
I really must go now — de verdad que me tengo que ir ya•
I must say, he's very irritating — tengo que decir que es muy irritante•
why must you always be so rude? — ¿por qué tienes que ser siempre tan maleducado?2) (probability) deber de•
but you must have seen her! — ¡pero debes de haberla visto!•
there must be a reason — debe de haber or tiene que haber una razón2.N*this programme is a must — no hay que perderse este programa, este programa hay que verlo
* * *
I [mʌst], weak form [məst]1)a) ( expressing obligation) tener* que or deberit must be remembered that... — hay que recordar que..., tenemos que or debemos recordar que...
she must not know that I am here — no debe enterarse de que estoy aquí, que no se entere de que estoy aquí
you make so much noise? — ¿hace falta or es necesario hacer tanto ruido?I'll read you my poem - oh well, if you must(, you must) — te voy a leer mi poema - bueno, si te empeñas
I must say, everywhere looks very tidy — tengo que reconocer que está todo muy ordenado
b) (in invitations, suggestions)2) (expressing certainty, supposition) deber (de) or (esp AmL) haber* deit must be six o'clock — deben (de) ser or (esp AmL) han de ser las seis, serán las seis
there must be another way! — debe (de) or tiene que haber otra manera!
II [mʌst]1) c (essential thing, activity)a car is a must here — aquí es indispensable or imprescindible tener coche
2) u ( Culin) mosto m -
11 must
1 უნდა (გამოხატავს მოვალეობას)●●do it if you must! თუ გასაკეთებელი გაქვს, გააკეთე!2 არ უნდა (უარყოფით ფორმაში გამოხატავს აკრძალვას)you mustn't interfere არ უნდა ჩაერიო! / ნუ ჩაერევი!3 უნდა (გამოხატავს გადაწყვეტილებას, განზრახვას)I must talk to you უნდა გელაპარაკო / შენთან სალაპარაკო მაქვსmust needs მაინცდამაინც, გინდა თუ არაhe must needs to go away just when I need his help მაინცდმაინც მაშინ მოუნდა წასვლა, როცა მისი დახმარება მჭირდება4 უნდა (გამოხატავს ალბათობას)he must be at home შინ უნდა იყოს / ალბათ შინააI must be off წასასვლელი ვარ // უნდა წავიდეwe must obviate this complication ეს გართულება თავიდან უნდა ავიცდინოთ // ამ გართულებას თავი უნდა ავარიდოთwe mustn't lose sight of the fact that… უნდა გავითვალისწნოთ ის ფაქტიც, რომ...you must keep up with the fashion მოდას არ უნდა ჩამორჩე! // მოდას უნდა მისდიო!this question must take precedence over others ეს საკითხი პირველ რიგში უნდა იქნეს განხილულიI must practise my English / shooting ინგლისურში / სროლაში უნდა ვივარჯიშო●●we must put a period to it ამას ბოლო უნდა მოვუღოთwe must resign ourselves to the idea of leaving the city ქალაქიდან გადასახლების აზრს უნდა შევურიგდეთhe must be punished with the utmost rigour of the law კანონის მთელი სიმკაცრით უნდა დაისაჯოსyou must recognize the danger awaiting you უნდა შეიგნო, რა საფრთხეც მოგელისif needs must თუ საჭიროა... // მეტი გზა თუ არ არის // მეტი რა გზააneeds must (გინდა თუ არ გინდა, ძალაუნებურად)when there is no transport we needs must walk როცა ტრანსპორტი არ არის, ფეხით სიარული გვიწევსthe system of education must be improved განათლების სისტემა უნდა გაუმჯობესდესwe must implant respect for democracy დემოკრატიის მიმართ პატივისცემა უნდა დავნერგოთwhatever happens we must stick together რაც უნდა მოხდეს, ერთად უნდა ვიყოთit must be stated that… უნდა ითქვას / აღინიშნოს, რომ...the cholera patient must be segregate from the rest ქოლერით დაავადებული სხვებისგან იზოლირებული უნდა იქნეს●●you must see the doctor ექიმთან უნდა წახვიდეthis medicine must be kept at a uniform temperature ეს წამალი უცვლელ ტემპერატურაზე უნდა ინახებოდესa high official must not be unbalanced დიდი თანამდებობის პირს მერყევი ხასიათი არ უნდა ჰქონდესwe must pay homage to the genius of Shakespeare საკადრისი უნდა მივუზღოთ შექსპირის გენიასwe must have crossed each other en route ალბათ, გზაში ავცდით ერთმანეთსtraffic signs must be conspicuous საგზაო მოძრაობის ნიშნები ადვილი შესამჩნევი უნდა იყოსyou must conform to the rules წესებს უნდა დაემორჩილო // წესები უნდა დაიცვაI must confess I don’t like your city უნდა გამოვტყდე, თქვენი ქალაქი არ მომწონსto be fair, I must add that... სიმართლისათვის უნდა დავძინო, რომ…in my capacity as chairman, I must say... მე, როგორც თავმჯდომარემ, უნდა ვთქვა…parents must let children blow off steam sometimes მშობლებმა ბავშვებს ზოგჯერ ცელქობა არ უნდა დაუშალონyou must avail yourself of every opportunity ყველა შესაძლებლობით უნდა ისარგებლოwe must stand allegiance to our president ჩვენი პრეზიდენტის ერთგულნი უნდა ვიყოთit`s hard, I admit, but it must be done გეთანხმები, რომ ძნელია, მაგრამ უნდა გაკეთდეს -
12 must
I1. [mʌst] n разг.1. необходимость, насущная потребность2. то, что необходимо увидеть, прочесть и т. п.I want to see the film; they say it's a must - я хочу посмотреть этот фильм; говорят, что пропустить его - грех
2. [mʌst (полная форма); məs,məst (редуцированные формы)]v́1. 1) долженствование, долг, необходимость:I must go - мне нужно /я должен/ уйти
if you must, you must - нужно, значит нужно
must you go so soon? - Yes, unfortunately I must - неужели вам надо так рано /уже/ уходить? - К сожалению, да
this plant must have continued attention - это растение требует непрерывного ухода
we must see what can be done about it - нужно подумать, что можно предпринять
why must you be always meddling? - и чего вы вечно вмешиваетесь в чужие дела?
you must know that it is not true - а) вам следует /нужно/ знать, что это неправда; б) должен сказать вам, что это неправда
I must away - эллипт. уст. мне нужно ехать /уходить/, я должен уйти
2) увещевание, убедительную просьбу, настойчивый совет:I must ask you not to do that any more - я вас очень прошу больше этого не делать
you simply must visit the exhibition - вам обязательно надо пойти на эту выставку
you must stay till tomorrow, you simply must! - вы непременно должны остаться до завтра!
you mustn't mind what a sick person says - не нужно /не следует, не стоит/ обращать внимание на то, что говорит больной человек
you must not touch this book! - не смей трогать эту книгу!
cars must not be parked in front of this gate - стоянка у этих ворот запрещена
2. 1) непредвиденную и обыкн. досадную случайность:just when we were ready to go away for the holidays, the baby must catch measles - и надо же было ребёнку подхватить корь, как раз когда мы собрались уехать на праздники
as we were starting what must he do but cut his finger! - когда мы уже собирались отправиться, он взял и порезал себе палец!
must you shout so loudly! - неужели нужно так громко кричать!
at a time when everybody was in bed, he must turn on the wireless - когда все уже легли спать, ему обязательно понадобилось включить радио /он взял да включил радио/
3. 1) предположение (с простым инфинитивом в отношении настоящего, с перфектным инфинитивом - прошедшего; употр. только в утвердительных предложениях):he must be there now - он, вероятно, сейчас там
if he says so it must be true - если он это говорит, то это, должно быть, правда
as you must know, it is quite untrue - как вы, вероятно, знаете, это совершенно не так
this must be what he means - по-видимому, это то, что он имеет в виду
he must have made a mistake - он, наверное /должно быть, вероятно/, допустил ошибку
he must have seen it - он, наверное, это видел
2) неосуществлённую возможность в прошлом, употребляется с перфектным инфинитивом только в условных предложениях:if he had looked, he must have seen the lights of the approaching train - если бы он только посмотрел, он должен был бы увидеть /он обязательно увидел бы/ огни приближающегося поезда
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I must say - должен сказатьI must say, I'm rather surprised - должен сказать, что это меня удивляет
he is right, I must say - я должен сказать /нужно признаться/, что он прав
II [mʌst] nneeds must см. needs
1. муст, виноградное сусло; молодое вино2. диал. жмых яблок или грушII1. [mʌst] n1) плесень2) затхлость2. [mʌst] v диал.1) заплесневеть, покрыться плесенью, зацвести2) покрыть плесеньюIV [mʌst] n -
13 film
§ ფილმი§1 ფოტო / კინო ფირი2 ფენა, აპკიa film of dust / oil მტვრის ფენა / ნავთობის აპკი (წყალზე)3 კინოფილმიa full-length / short-length film სრულმეტრაჟიანი / მოკლემეტრაჟიანი ფილბიa sound / silent / documentary film ხმოვანი / მუნჯი / დოკუმენტური ფილმიa film actor / actress კინომსახიობიto make / produce / shoot a film კინოსურათის გადაღება4 ფილმის გადაღება, კინოფირზე გადაღებაthey’ve been filming for a month now უკვე ერთი თვეა ფილმს იღებენ5 დაორთქვლა (დაიორთქლება)processed film გამჟღავნებული აფსკი / ფირიmost of the children, particularly the youngest, like animated cartoon films ბავშვების უმეტესობას, მეტადრე პატარებს, უყვარს მულტფილმები●●the story of the film ფილმის სიუჟეტიthe film stars Elizabeth Taylor ფილმში მთავარ როლს ელიზაბეტ ტეილორი ასრულებსI’ve seen this film scores of times ეს ფილმი ასჯერ მაქვს ნანახიthe film moved me to tears ფილმმა ცრემლებამდე მიმიყვანა / გული ამიჩუყაa thrilling film ფილმი, რომელსაც დაძაბული / განაბული უყურებ // დამძაბველი ფილმი●●the film version of the novel რომანის ეკრანიზებული ვერსიაthe film features the battle of Aspindza ფილმში ასპინძის ბრძოლაა ნაჩვენებიdon’t expose the film to light ფირს ნუ გააშუქებ!an English film dubbed into Georgian ქართულ ენაზე დუბლირებული ინგლისური ფილმიit is my dream to become a film star ჩემი ოცნებაა, გვხდე კინოვარსკვლავიwe were much affect by the film კინოსურათმა ჩვენზე დიდი შთაბეჭდილება მოახდინა -
14 must
I 1. [mʌst] ( полная форма); [məst] ( редуцированная форма) гл.1) должен, обязан (при обязанности, приказании, обязательности чего-л.)You must do as I tell you. — Ты должен делать так, как я тебе говорю.
An automobile must have gasoline to run. — Для передвижения автомобилю требуется горючее.
What must be will be. — Чему быть, того не миновать.
2) должен, нужно ( в случае настоятельного совета или приглашения)You must go and see this film. — Ты должен пойти и посмотреть этот фильм.
All of you must read this book. — Вам всем следует прочитать эту книгу.
You must come and have dinner with us some day. — Вы должны как-нибудь прийти и пообедать с нами.
3) надо, нужно, необходимо, должен (при внутренней потребности, осознанной необходимости)I must do it today. - Do it if you must. — Я должен сделать это сегодня. - Делай это, если ты должен.
He said he must speak to the doctor. — Он сказал, что должен поговорить с доктором.
4) (must not. mustn't) нельзя, не должен, (категорически) запрещаетсяYou mustn't play with matches. — Нельзя играть со спичками.
Visitors must not feed the animals. — Посетителям запрещается кормить животных.
5) (must + гл.) похоже, что; должно быть, что (в утвердительных предложениях выражает предположение с большей степенью уверенности в совершении действия, чем глагол may)He must be home by now, he left an hour ago. — К этому времени он наверняка должен быть дома, он ушел час назад.
You must know her. — Ты должен ее знать.
They must be waiting for us already. — Должно быть, они уже ждут нас.
I must have seen you somewhere, your face is very familiar to me. — Должно быть, я вас где-то видел, ваше лицо мне очень знакомо.
I must have been reading for four hours. — Должно быть, я читаю уже четыре часа.
6) разг. надо было так случится, что; так уж вышло, что (выражает непредвиденную, обычно досадную, случайность)As soon as I had recovered from my illness, what must I do but break my leg? — И надо же мне было сломать себе ногу как раз тогда, когда я поправился.
Just when I was busiest, that bore C. must come in and waste three hours. — Надо же, именно тогда, когда у меня не было ни минуты свободного времени, должен был явиться этот зануда С. и отнять у меня три часа.
•Gram:[ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]must, have to, have got to[/ref]••2. [mʌst] сущ.; разг.you must know, you must understand — чтобы ты знал, чтобы ты понял
1) необходимость, потребностьExercise is a must. — Делать упражнения необходимо.
These valuable books are musts for you. — Для тебя эти ценные книги жизненно необходимы.
Syn:2) обязательный атрибут, необходимая составляющаяII [mʌst] сущ.By the beginning of the Civil War, a visit to the valley was considered a "must" as part of any "fashionable trip" to the West. — До того как началась гражданская война, посещение долины считалось обязательным элементом любого "модного путешествия" на Запад.
заплесневелость, затхлость прям. и перен.Syn:III [mʌst] сущ.1) молодое вино; муст, виноградное суслоIV [mʌst] 1. сущ.неистовство, безумие ( у самцов слонов и верблюдов во время гона)2. прил.находящийся в состоянии неистовства, безумия ( о самцах слонов и верблюдов во время гона) -
15 must have etc
adj infmlThe actors are so incredible, they make a must see film — Актеры играют просто великолепно, так что обязательно посмотрите этот фильм
The new dictionary of modern spoken language > must have etc
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16 questo film, spettacolo è imperdibile
questo film, spettacolo è imperdibilethis film, show is a must o is not to be missed.\Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > questo film, spettacolo è imperdibile
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17 TOP partner's documentary film
документальный фильм Всемирного партнера
Документальный фильм о деятельности Всемирного партнера на Играх и в связи со специальными мероприятиями (в которых участвует Всемирный партнер). Оргкомитет «Сочи-2014» содействует производству подобного фильма, и Всемирный партнер возмещает Оргкомитету «Сочи-2014» любые расходы, которые Оргкомитет «Сочи-2014» может понести в этой связи.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
TOP partner's documentary film
Documentary film of the TOP partner's activities at the Games, produced in connection with signature properties (in which the TOP partner participates). Sochi 2014 cooperates in facilitating the production of such a film, and the TOP partner must reimburse Sochi 2014 for any expense that it may incur in this respect.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > TOP partner's documentary film
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18 mu|sieć
impf (musisz, musiał, musieli) vi 1. (podlegać przymusowi) musisz to zrobić you have to a. you’ve got to do it- zostanę, jeśli będę musiał I’ll stay if I have to- nie musisz pracować na dwa etaty you don’t have to a. don’t need to have two full-time jobs- czy muszę iść na przyjęcie? do I have to a. have I got to go to the party?- wszyscy musimy kiedyś umrzeć we all have to die some day- tak musi być this is how it’s got to be- żebym nie musiał ci powtarzać don’t make me tell you again2. (uznawać za potrzebne) musisz to zrobić you must do it, you have to a. need to do it- nie musiałeś tego robić you needn’t have done that, you didn’t have to a. need to do that- muszę już iść I must go a. be going now, I have to a. I’ve got to go now- dokument musi zostać podpisany the document must be signed a. needs signing- musisz mi wszystko opowiedzieć you must a. have to tell me everything- musiał pomagać rodzicom he had to help his parents- kandydat musi mieć wyższe wykształcenie the candidate must have a college US a. university education- muszę powiedzieć, że zachował się bardzo szlachetnie I must say he behaved very nobly- musisz przyznać, że egzaminy były trudne you must admit (that) the exams were difficult- musisz wiedzieć, że on nie jest uczciwy you should a. ought to know that he isn’t honest- „czy naprawdę muszę teraz odrabiać lekcje?” – „tak, musisz!” ‘do I really have to do my homework now?’ – ‘yes, you do!’3. (bardzo chcieć) muszę tu jeszcze kiedyś wrócić I must return a. I’ll have to return here some day- muszę mieć tę sukienkę! I must have this dress!- muszę z nim pomówić I must talk a. speak to him4. (prawdopodobieństwo) musiałeś o tym słyszeć you must have heard about that- musiał już dostać mój list he must have received my letter by now- ktoś puka, to musi być on someone’s knocking, it must be a. has to be him- ona musi być bardzo nieszczęśliwa she must be very unhappy- w tym musi coś być there must be something to it5. (pewność) ten pies musi być chory that dog must be ill- musiało tu padać, bo ulice są mokre it must have rained here, the streets are wet- musicie być bardzo zmęczeni po podróży you must be very tired after the journey- musi być już dziewiąta it must be nine o’clock now- musiałem cię już gdzieś widzieć I’m sure I’ve seen you somewhere before- to musi być prawda it must be true- to nie musi być prawda it isn’t necessarily true6. (konieczność, zachęta) musisz zobaczyć ten film you must see a. you’ve got to see this film, this film is a must- musicie koniecznie spróbować mojego ciasta you absolutely a. really have to try my cake7. (nie móc się powstrzymać) on zawsze musi postawić na swoim he always has to have his way, he’s always got to have his way- dlaczego ty zawsze musisz się spóźniać? why do you always have to be late?, why must you always be late?- musiałem spróbować I (just) had to try8. (nieuchronność) to musiało się stać this (just) had to happen, this was bound to happen■ co pan każe, sługa musi przysł. those that are bound must obey przysł.- kazał pan, musiał sam przysł. (it’s a case of) keep a dog and bark yourself przysł.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > mu|sieć
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19 falloir
falloir [falwaʀ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 291. <a. (besoin)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque falloir exprime un besoin, il se traduit le plus souvent par to need, avec pour sujet la personne qui a besoin de quelque chose.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• il va nous falloir 10 000 € we're going to need 10,000 euros• il vous le faudrait pour quand ? when do you need it for?• il t'en faudrait combien ? how many (or much) do you you need?• il me faudrait trois steaks, s'il vous plaît I'd like three steaks, please► s'il le faut, s'il le fallait if necessary━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque falloir est suivi d'une expression de temps, il se traduit souvent par une tournure impersonnelle avec to take. Cette expression s'utilise aussi dans certaines généralisations.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• il ne m'a pas fallu plus de dix minutes pour y aller it didn't take me more than ten minutes to get thereb. (obligation)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque falloir exprime une obligation, il se traduit généralement par to have to, avec pour sujet la personne qui doit faire quelque chose. Au présent, on peut également utiliser must, qui a une valeur plus impérative.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• tu pars déjà ? -- il le faut are you leaving already? -- I have to► falloir + infinitif• faut-il réserver à l'avance ? do you have to book in advance?• il faut l'excuser, il ne savait pas you must excuse him, he didn't know• il faut bien vivre you have to live► falloir que (+ subjonctif)• il faut que je parte ! I must go!• il faut que vous veniez nous voir à Toulouse ! you must come and see us in Toulouse!c. (probabilité, hypothèse) il faut être fou pour parler comme ça you (or he etc) must be mad to talk like that• il faut être désespéré pour commettre un tel acte you have to be desperate to do something like thate. (suggestion, exhortation) il faut voir ce spectacle this show must be seen• il faut voir ! (réserve) we'll have to see!f. (regret, réprimande)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Pour exprimer un regret ou une réprimande, les expressions il fallait et il aurait fallu se traduisent par should have, avec pour sujet la personne qui aurait dû faire quelque chose.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• il aurait fallu lui téléphoner you (or we etc) should have phoned him• des fleurs ! il ne fallait pas ! flowers! you shouldn't have!g. (exclamations) il faut le voir courir ! you should see him run!• il faut voir comment il s'habille ! you should see the clothes he wears!2. <• loin s'en faut ! far from it!• il a fini, ou peu s'en faut he has just about finished► s'en falloir de• j'ai raté le train, il s'en est fallu de 5 minutes I missed the train by 5 minutes• il s'en faut de beaucoup ! far from it!• elle ne l'a pas injurié, mais il s'en est fallu de peu she very nearly insulted him* * *falwaʀ
1.
verbe impersonnel1)il faut quelque chose/quelqu'un — gén we need something/somebody ( pour faire to do); ( sans bénéficiaire) something/somebody is needed ( pour faire to do)
2)il leur faut faire — they have to do, they must do
3)il faut faire — ( nécessité) we've/you've etc got to do, we/you etc have to do; ( autorité) we/you etc must do; (conseil, suggestion) we/you etc should do; (convenance, reproche) we/you etc ought to do
il ne faut pas faire — ( autorité) we/you etc mustn't do; ( conseil) we/you etc shouldn't do
‘tu vas payer?’ - ‘il faut bien!’ — ‘are you going to pay?’ - ‘I have to!’
faudrait pas me prendre pour un imbécile! — (colloq) do you think I'm a fool?
il faut dire que — I/you/we etc have to ou must say that
fallait le dire plus tôt! — (colloq) why didn't you say so before?
nous ne savions pas encore, faut-il le rappeler, qu'il serait élu — it must be remembered that we didn't know then that he would be elected
(il) faut/fallait le faire! — (colloq) ( c'est remarquable) it takes/took a bit of doing!; ( c'est stupide) would you believe it?
s'il le faut — ( nécessité) if necessary; ( obligation) if I/we/they etc have to
il ne fallait pas! — ( politesse) you shouldn't have!
comme il faut — [se tenir] properly
encore faudra-t-il trouver de l'argent — we/you/they etc will still have to find the money
4)il faut que tu fasses — ( obligation) you must do, you've got to do, you have to do; ( conseil) you should do; (convenance, reproche) you ought to do
2.
s'en falloir verbe pronominalloin or tant s'en faut — far from it
elle a perdu, mais il s'en est fallu de peu — she lost, but only just
il s'en est fallu d'un rien or de presque rien — there was almost nothing in it
••* * *falwaʀ vb impers1) (avec infinitif) (obligation, nécessité)il faut faire... — you need to do..., you have to do...
C'est un excellent restaurant à la mode, il faut réserver à l'avance. — It's a very good restaurant, you need to book.
Il vous faut tourner à gauche après l'église. — You need to turn left past the church.
Nous n'avons pas le choix, il faut y aller. — We have no choice, we have to go.
2) (avec 'que' et le subjonctif) (obligation, nécessité)il faut que...; Il faut que je fasse les lits. — I have to make the beds, I must make the beds.
Il faut que je parte. — I have to go.
Il a fallu qu'il parte. — He had to leave.
Il faudrait qu'elle rentre. — She ought to go home.
il faut que...; Il a fallu qu'il l'apprenne. — Inevitably, he heard about it.
Et maintenant il faut qu'il démissionne. — And now he goes and resigns., (obligation ou nécessité, suivi d'un nom objet)
il faut qch; Il faut des clous, tu peux m'en passer? — I need some nails, can you give me some?
Pour que nous puissions participer au concours, il va falloir 100 euros. — To be able to enter the contest, we'll need 100 euros.
Il doit falloir du temps. — That must take time.
Il faut du courage pour faire ce métier. — It takes courage to do that job.
Nous avons ce qu'il (nous) faut. — We have what we need., (autres locutions)
comme il faut (jeune homme, manières) — proper, [travailler, exécuter] properly
4) (hypothèse)il faut que...; Il faut qu'il ait oublié. — He must have forgotten.
* * *falloir verb table: falloirA v impers1 il faut qch/qn gén we need sth/sb (pour faire to do); ( sans bénéficiaire) sth/sb is needed ou necessary (pour faire to do); il faudrait trois voitures/trois hommes we would need three cars/three men; ce qu'il faut what is needed; ce n'est pas ce qu'il faut this isn't what is needed ou what we need; ce n'est pas l'outil qu'il faut that's not the right tool ou the tool we need; il va falloir plusieurs personnes it will take several people; il faut au moins deux jours/dix ans it takes at least two days/ten years; il faut de la patience/du courage it takes patience/courage (pour faire to do); il en faut pour qu'il se fâche it takes a lot to make him angry; il en faudrait plus pour m'énerver it would take more than that to get me annoyed; il n'en faut pas beaucoup pour te faire rire it doesn't take much to make you laugh; c'est plus qu'il n'en faut it's more than enough;2 il me/te/leur faut qch I/you/they need sth; il me/te/leur faut faire I/you/they have to do ou must do; il leur faut 20 000 euros et trois ouvriers they need 20,000 euros and three workmen; il m'a fallu trois heures pour finir it took me three hours to finish; il me faut (absolument) ce livre! I've got to have that book!; il vous faudra partir à 8 heures you'll have to leave at 8 o'clock; il m'a fallu refuser I had to refuse; il ne leur a pas fallu longtemps pour comprendre/finir they soon understood/finished; pas assez grand? qu'est-ce qu'il te faut? not big enough? what more do you want?;3 il faut faire ( nécessité) we've/you've etc got to do, we/you etc have to do; (autorité, supposition) we/you etc must do; (conseil, suggestion) we/you etc should do; (convenance, reproche) we/you etc ought to do; il ne faut pas faire ( autorité) we/you etc mustn't do; ( conseil) we/you etc shouldn't do; il faut trouver une solution we've got to ou we must find a solution; il faut être fou/idiot pour faire you'd have to be mad/stupid to do; il va falloir payer we'll have to pay up; il faut manger des fruits you should eat fruit; ‘tu vas payer?’-‘il faut bien!’ ‘are you going to pay?’-‘I have to!’; il faut faire quelque chose pour elle something has to ou must be done for her; il ne faut pas la déranger she mustn't be disturbed; il fallait venir me voir! you should have come to see me!; faudrait pas me prendre pour un imbécile○! do you think I'm a fool?; ‘tu crois que ça marchera?’-‘sais pas, faut voir○’ ‘do you think it'll work?’-‘don't know, we'll have to see’; il faut l'entendre raconter ses histoires you should hear him/her tell his/her stories; qu'est-ce qu'il ne faut pas entendre! what a lot of nonsense!; s'il fallait croire tout ce qu'on raconte! you can't believe everything people say!; il faut souhaiter que tout ira bien we'll just have to hope that everything goes well; il faut dire que I/you/we etc have to ou must say that; il faut vous dire que you should know that; fallait le dire plus tôt○! why didn't you say so before?; nous ne savions pas encore, faut-il le rappeler, qu'il serait élu it must be remembered that we didn't know then that he would be elected; il faut le voir pour le croire it has to be seen to be believed; il fallait le faire it had to be done; faut/fallait le faire○! ( c'est remarquable) it takes/took a bit of doing!; ( c'est stupide) would you believe it?; puisqu'il le faut since it has to be done; on va opérer, il le faut they're going to operate, they've no choice; s'il le faut ( nécessité) if necessary; ( obligation) if I/we/they etc have to; elle n'en fait pas plus qu'il ne faut she doesn't do any more than she has to; il ne fallait pas! ( politesse) you shouldn't have!; comme il faut [agir, se tenir] properly; elle est très comme il faut she's very proper; encore faudra-t-il trouver de l'argent we/you/they etc will still have to find the money; encore faut-il préciser que it should be added that;4 il faut que tu fasses ( obligation) you must do, you've got to do, you have to do; ( conseil) you should do; (convenance, reproche) you ought to do; il faut absolument qu'on trouve une solution we've got to find a solution; il fallait que ce soit fait it had to be done; pourquoi fallait-il que ce soit moi? why did it have to be me?; pourquoi fallait-il qu'elle arrive à ce moment-là? why did she have to turn up just then?; il faut qu'ils aient été retardés there must have been some delay; faut-il qu'elle l'aime pour le croire! she must love him to believe him!; je n'ai pas de nouvelles, il faut croire que tout va bien I haven't heard anything, I just have to suppose everything's all right; il fallait que cette sacrée○ voiture tombe en panne maintenant! the damn○ car would have to (go and) break down now!; encore faut-il qu'elle accepte she's still got to agree; encore fallait-il qu'elle accepte she hadn't agreed yet; encore faudra-t-il qu'elle accepte she'll still have to agree; encore faudrait-il qu'elle accepte she'd still have to agree.B s'en falloir vpr loin or tant s'en faut far from it; peu s'en faut very nearly; il s'en faut de beaucoup very far from it; elle a perdu, mais il s'en est fallu de peu she lost, but only just; il s'en est fallu de peu qu'il gagne he nearly won, he came very close to winning; il s'en est fallu de 15 secondes qu'elle gagne she nearly won, there was only 15 seconds in it; il s'en est fallu d'un rien or de presque rien there was almost nothing in it.il faut ce qu'il faut! there's no point in skimping!; en moins de temps qu'il ne faut pour le dire before you could say Jack Robinson.[falwar] verbe impersonnelA.[EXPRIME LE BESOIN]1. [généralement]pour ce tricot, il faut des aiguilles nº6 to knit this jumper, you need number 6 needlesil est inspecteur des impôts — il en faut! (humoristique) he's a tax inspector — someone has to do it!ajoutez de la moutarde, juste ce qu'il faut add some mustard, not too muchje crois que nous avons trouvé l'homme qu'il nous faut [pour un poste] I think we've found the right person for the jobc'est tout ce qu'il vous fallait? [dans une boutique] anything else?il me faudrait deux filets de cabillaud, s'il vous plaît I'd like two cod fillets, pleaseil ne lui en faut pas beaucoup pour se mettre en colère it doesn't take a lot ou much to make her angryil t'a fait ses excuses, qu'est-ce qu'il te faut de plus? (familier) he apologized, what more do you want?il n'est pas très beau — qu'est-ce qu'il te faut! (familier) he's not really good-looking — you're hard to please!ce n'est pas très cher — qu'est-ce qu'il te faut! (familier) it's not very expensive — well, what do you call expensive then?je suis satisfait de lui — il t'en faut peu! (familier) I'm satisfied with him — you're not hard to please!B.[EXPRIME L'OBLIGATION]1. [généralement]je lui ai dit — le fallait-il vraiment? I told him — was it really necessary ou did you really have to?s'il le faut if I/we must, if necessaryil faut m'excuser please forgive me, you must forgive mej'ai besoin d'aide — d'accord, que faut-il faire? I need help — all right, what do you want me to do?il faut bien se souvenir/se dire que... it has to be remembered/said that...s'il fallait faire attention à tout ce que l'on dit! if one had to mind one's Ps and Qs all the time!4. (au conditionnel, sens affaibli)attention, il ne faudrait pas que tu te trompes! careful, you'd better not make any mistakes!5. [en intensif]il faut le faire (familier) [en regardant un acrobate, un magicien]: il faut le faire! that's amazing!ne pas fermer sa voiture, faut le faire! it takes a fool ou you've got to be completely stupid to leave your car unlocked!ça représente un cheval — il fallait le deviner! it's supposed to be a horse — I'd never have known!C.[DONNE UNE RAISON]1. [fatalité]2. [pour justifier, expliquer]il faut que tu aies fait mal à Rex pour qu'il t'ait mordu! you must have hurt Rex to make him bite you!————————s'en falloir verbe impersonnelpeu s'en est fallu que je ne manque le train! I very nearly ou almost missed the train!il s'en est fallu de rien ou d'un cheveu (familier) ou d'un doigt (familier) qu'il ne fût décapité he came within inches of having his head chopped offtant s'en faut far from it, not by a long way -
20 frei
I Adj.1. free; freier Bürger HIST. freeborn citizen, freeman; ein freier Mensch (der tun kann, was er will) a free agent; sie ist frei zu gehen, wenn sie will she is free to go if she wishes; ich bin so frei altm. oder hum. sich bedienend etc.: if I may; ich war so frei, Ihr Auto zu nehmen oder und nahm Ihr Auto I took the liberty of using your car, I helped myself to your car2. Wahl, Wille etc.: free; Zugang: unrestricted, unlimited; (unbehindert) unrestrained; „frei ab 16“ Film: 16 (= no admission to persons under 16 years), Am. etwa R(-rated); jetzt haben wir freie Fahrt mit Zug: the signal’s green now, the train can go now; mit Auto: the road’s clear now; fig. there’s nothing to stop us now; auf freiem Fuß sein be free; Verbrecher: be at large; jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen set s.o. free, let s.o. go; das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung the right of free speech ( oder of self-expression); aus freien Stücken oder freiem Willen of one’s own free will; die freie Wahl haben zwischen... und... be free to choose between... and...3. (unabhängig, selbstständig) Stadt etc.: free; Beruf, Tankstelle etc.: independent; (nicht gebunden) unattached; Journalist, Künstler etc.: freelance; die freien Künste the liberal arts; freier Mitarbeiter freelance(r); Freie24. im Namen von Organisationen etc.: Freie Demokratische Partei (abgek. FDP) Free Democratic Party; Freie Deutsche Jugend (abgek. FDJ) HIST., ehem. DDR Free German Youth; Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (abgek. FDGB) HIST., ehem. DDR Free German Trade Union Organization; die Freie Hansestadt Bremen the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen; die Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg the Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg5. WIRTS.: im freien Handel available in the shops (Am. in stores); freier Markt open market; Börse: unofficial market; freie Marktwirtschaft free market economy; freier Wechselkurs floating exchange rate; ( die) freie Wirtschaft free enterprise; die Rechte an diesem Buchtitel werden bald frei the rights in this title will soon be free ( oder available)6. (unbesetzt) Stuhl, Raum etc.: free, available; Leitung: vacant; Stelle: vacant, open; Straße etc.: clear, empty; (unbeschrieben) Seite etc.: blank; frei am WC: vacant; am Taxi: for hire; freie Stelle vacancy; ist hier oder der Platz noch frei? is this seat taken?, is anyone sitting here?; der Stuhl / die Zeile muss frei bleiben the chair must be kept free / the line must be left blank; Platz frei lassen / machen für leave / make space for; jemandem den Weg frei machen clear the way for s.o.; zwei Zeilen frei lassen leave two blank lines; Bahn, Ring, Zimmer7. (unbedeckt) bare; der Rock lässt die Knie frei the skirt is above the knee; den Oberkörper frei machen strip to the waist8. Feld, Himmel, Sicht: open; aufs freie Meer hinaus out into the open sea; auf freier Strecke on an open stretch (EISENB. of line, Straße: of road); in freier Wildbahn in the wild; unter freiem Himmel in the open (air), outside9. Tag, Zeit etc.: free; nachgestellt: off; Person: free, not busy; freie Zeit free ( oder leisure) time; nächsten Dienstag ist frei next Tuesday is a holiday; hast du morgen frei? do you have tomorrow off?; seitdem habe ich keine freie Minute mehr since then I haven’t had a free moment ( oder a moment to myself); sind Sie ( gerade) frei? Taxi: are you taken?; Verkäufer: are you serving someone?10. (kostenlos) free (of charge); freier Eintritt admission free ( für to); Kinder unter sechs sind frei umg. von Eintritt, Fahrgeld: children under six are free, no charge for children under six; 20 kg Gepäck sind frei there is a baggage (bes. Am. luggage) allowance of 20kg; frei Haus carriage paid; Lieferung frei Haus free delivery, no delivery charge; dazu bekommt sie auch noch einen Job frei Haus fig. what’s more she gets a job handed to her on a plate; du hast noch zwei Versuche frei fig. you have two tries left11. frei von (ohne) free from ( oder of), without; von Eis, Schneeschicht etc.: clear of; von Steuern etc. befreit: exempt from; frei von Schmerzen free from pain; frei von Schulden free from debt; frei von Zusätzen free of additives; niemand ist frei von Fehlern / Vorurteilen nobody is perfect / free from prejudice13. fig. (ungezwungen) free and easy; (offen) open; (moralisch großzügig) liberal; freie Liebe free love; sie ist schon viel freier geworden she has loosened up a great deal14. fig. Übersetzung: free; freie Hand haben have a free hand ( bei with); jemandem freie Hand lassen give s.o. a free hand ( bei with); aus oder mit der freien Hand zeichnen (ohne Hilfsmittel) draw s.th. freehand15. Sport (ungedeckt) unmarked; zum nächsten freien Mitspieler passen pass to the nearest unmarked player; der freie Mann ( vor der Abwehr) the sweeper16. POST. (frankiert) prepaid, post paid17. PHYS.; Elektron, Fall, Radikal etc.: free; CHEM. uncombined; im freien Fall in free fall; frei werden Energie etc.: be released; freie Valenzen CHEM. free valenciesII Adv.1. atmen, herumlaufen etc.: freely; frei geboren freeborn; frei laufende Hühner free-range hens; Eier von frei laufenden Hühnern free-range eggs; frei lebende Tiere wildlife Sg., animals living in the wild ( oder out of captivity); frei praktizierender Arzt doctor in private practice2. herumliegen etc.: openly; frei zugänglich von allen Seiten: freely accessible; für alle: open to all; frei stehen Baum, Haus etc.: stand by itself; SPORT, Spieler: be unmarked; frei stehend Baum: solitary; Haus, nicht angebaut: detached; einzeln: isolated; SPORT, Spieler: unmarked3. WIRTS.: frei erhältlich freely available; frei finanziert privately financed; frei konvertierbar freely convertible; frei verkäuflich on general sale, freely available (to buy)6. frei sprechen Redner: speak without notes; mit Handy im Auto: phone ( oder talk) hands-free, use the speaker phone; ich möchte den Vortrag frei halten I want to give the lecture without notes; einen Kreis frei zeichnen draw a circle freehand; das Kind kann schon frei laufen / stehen the child can walk / stand unaided7. frei erfunden (entirely) fictitious; das hat er frei erfunden he made that up; frei nach ( einem Stück von) X freely adapted from (a play by) X* * *at liberty (Adv.);(freimütig) frank (Adj.);(nicht versklavt) unenslaved (Adj.);(unbefahren) clear (Adj.);(unbesetzt) vacant (Adj.);(ungebunden) independent (Adj.); free (Adj.); unfettered (Adj.); unattached (Adj.); unengaged (Adj.)* * *[frai]1. ADJEKTIV1) = unbehindert freesich von etw frei halten — to avoid sth; von Vorurteilen etc to be free of sth; von Verpflichtungen to keep oneself free of sth
die Straße frei geben/machen — to open/clear the road
jdm den Weg frei geben — to let sb past or by
der Film ist frei ( für Jugendliche) ab 16 (Jahren) — this film is suitable for persons aged 16 years and over
ich bin so frei (form) — may I?diams; frei + SubstantivSiehe auch unter dem Eintrag für das jeweilige Substantiv.
von Kiel nach Hamburg hatten wir freie Fahrt — we had a clear run from Kiel to Hamburg
einem Zug freie Fahrt geben — to give a train the " go" signal
der Polizist gab uns freie Fahrt — the policeman signalled (Brit) or signaled (US) us on
jdm freie Hand lassen — to give sb free rein, to give sb a free hand
das Recht der freien Rede or auf freie Rede — the right of free speech, the right to freedom of speech
jdm zur freien Verfügung stehen — to be completely at sb's disposal
2) = unabhängig free; Schriftsteller, Journalist etc freelance; (= nicht staatlich) privatediams; frei + SubstantivSiehe auch unter dem Eintrag für das jeweilige Substantiv.Freie Deutsche Jugend (DDR) — youth wing of the former East German Socialist Unity Party
Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DDR) — Trades Union Congress of the former East Germany
Freie Hansestadt Bremen — Free Hansa Town of Bremen
freier Mitarbeiter — freelance, freelancer
freie Reichsstadt (Hist) — free city of the Empire
freie Tankstelle — independent petrol (Brit) or gas (US) station
3) = verfügbar Mittel, Geld available; Zeit freeich bin jetzt frei für ihn — I can see him now; (am Telefon) I can speak to him now
4)= arbeitsfrei
morgen/Mittwoch ist frei — tomorrow/Wednesday is a holidaySee:5)= ohne Hilfsmittel
etw aus freier Hand zeichnen — to draw sth freehandein Vortrag in freier Rede — an extemporary talk
6) = unbesetzt Zimmer, Toilette vacant; Taxi for hireist hier noch frei?, ist dieser Platz noch frei? — is anyone sitting here?, is this seat free?
im Kino/Flugzeug waren noch zehn freie Plätze — in the cinema/plane there were still ten seats free
"frei" (an Taxi) — "for hire"; (an Toilettentür) "vacant"
"Zimmer frei" — "vacancies"
haben Sie noch etwas frei? (in Hotel) — do you have any vacancies?
bei HarperCollins sind einige Stellen frei — there are some vacancies at HarperCollins
"Ausfahrt/Einfahrt frei halten" — "keep clear"
für etw Platz frei lassen/machen — to leave/make room for sth
7)= offen
unter freiem Himmel — in the open aireine Frage/Aussage im freien Raum stehen lassen — to leave a question/statement hanging in mid-air
See:→ Freie(s), Feld8) = kostenlos freefrei Schiff — free on board
9) = unkonventionell Sitten, Erziehung liberal10) = unbekleidet bare11) = ungeschützt Autor out of copyright2. ADVERB1) = ungehindert freely; sprechen openlyfrei beweglich —
er hat das frei erfunden — he made it up
das ist frei wählbar — you can choose as you please, it's completely optional
frei laufend (Hunde, Katzen) — feral; Huhn free-range
frei herumlaufen (inf) — to be free, to be running around free (inf)
der Verbrecher läuft immer noch frei herum — the criminal is still at largediams; frei lebend Wölfe, Mustangherden etc living in the wild; Katzen, Stadttauben feral; Mikroorganismen free-livingdiams; frei stehen (Haus) to stand by itself; (Sport) to be free or not marked
ein frei stehendes Gebäude — a free-standing building → auch cdiams; frei nach based on
frei nach Goethe (Zitat) — as Goethe didn't say
2)= ungezwungen
sich frei und ungezwungen verhalten, frei und locker auftreten — to have a relaxed manner, to be easy-goingsie benimmt sich etwas zu frei — she's rather free in her behaviour (Brit) or behavior (US)
3) = ohne Hilfsmittel unaided, without helpdas Kind kann frei stehen — the child can stand on its own or without any help
frei in der Luft schweben — to hang in mid-air
frei sprechen —
* * *1) (free from difficulty or obstacles: a clear road ahead.) clear2) ((often with of) without (risk of) being touched, caught etc: Is the ship clear of the rocks? clear of danger.) clear3) ((often with of) free: clear of debt; clear of all infection.) clear4) (allowed to move where one wants; not shut in, tied, fastened etc: The prison door opened, and he was a free man.) free5) (not forced or persuaded to act, think, speak etc in a particular way: free speech; You are free to think what you like.) free6) (frank, open and ready to speak: a free manner.) free7) (not working or having another appointment; not busy: I shall be free at five o'clock.) free8) (not occupied, not in use: Is this table free?) free9) free10) (not tied; free: The horses are loose in the field.) loose12) (empty or unoccupied: a vacant chair; Are there any rooms vacant in this hotel?) vacant13) (empty or vacant: The room/seat was unoccupied.) unoccupied14) (not busy: I paint in my unoccupied hours / when I'm otherwise unoccupied.) unoccupied* * *[frai]I. adj1. (nicht gefangen, unabhängig) free\freier Autor/Übersetzer freelance writer/translatordie \freie Hansestadt Hamburg the Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg\freie Kirche free churchein \freier Mann/eine \freie Frau a free man/womanein \freier Gedanke free thought[Recht auf] \freie Meinungsäußerung [right to] freedom of speechein \freier Mensch a free person\freier Mitarbeiter/ \freie Mitarbeiterin freelance[r]eine \freie Übersetzung a free translationetw zur \freien Verfügung haben to have sth at free disposal\freie Wahl haben to be free to chooseaus \freiem Willen [o \freien Stücken] of one's own free willes war sein \freier Wille auszuwandern he emigrated of his own free will\frei und ungebunden footloose and fancy-free2. (freie Zeit) freedrei Tage/eine Woche \frei haben to have three days/a week offnächsten Donnerstag ist \frei, da ist Feiertag we've got next Thursday off - it's a holidayer hat sich \frei genommen, da seine Tochter krank ist he's taken [some] time off because his daughter is ill\freie Zeit haben to have spare time3. (verfügbar) availablees sind noch Mittel für kulturelle Veranstaltungen \frei there are still funds available for cultural eventsder Film ist ab 14 Jahren \frei the film is suitable for children from 14 years on▪ \frei [für jdn] sein to be free [to see/speak to sb]ist dieser Platz noch \frei? is this seat [already] taken?haben Sie noch ein Zimmer \frei? do you still have a room available?den Eingang \frei machen to clear the entranceeinen Platz \frei lassen to keep a seat freeeinen Platz \frei machen to vacate a seat formeine \freie Stelle a vacant positionein \freies Zimmer a vacant room„Zimmer frei“ “rooms to rent”der Eintritt ist \frei entrance is freeKinder unter 6 Jahren sind \frei children below the age of six are admitted free20 kg Gepäck sind \frei 20 kg of luggage are allowed„Eintritt \frei“ “admission free”„Lieferung \frei Haus“ free home delivery6. (ohne etw)die Straßen sind \frei von Eis the streets are clear of icekein Mensch ist \frei von Fehlern nobody is perfect\frei von Konservierungsstoffen free from preservatives\frei von Schmerzen sein not to suffer any pain, to be free of pain\frei von Schuld blameless7. (ohne Hilfsmittel) off-the-cuffetw mit \freier Hand zeichnen to draw sth freehand\freie Rede/ \freier Vortrag impromptu speech/lectureeine \freie Rede halten to speak off-the-cut8. (auslassen)eine Zeile \frei lassen to leave a line free9. (offen) opender Zug hält auf \freier Strecke the train stops in the open country\freie Aussicht [o \freier Blick] unhampered view\freies Gelände open countryunter \freiem Himmel open airdas \freie Meer the open sea10. (ungezwungen) free and easyihre Auffassungen sind mir doch etwas zu \frei her views are a little too liberal for meer ist viel \freier geworden he has loosened up a lot famhier herrscht ein \freier Ton the atmosphere is very liberal here\freie Liebe free loveich bin so \frei (geh) if I mayich bin so \frei und nehme mir noch ein Stück I'll have another piece if I may11. (unbehindert) unhampered, unrestrained\freie Entwicklung free development12. (unbekleidet) baremachen Sie bitte Ihren Arm \frei please roll up your sleevemachen Sie bitte ihren Bauch \frei please uncover your stomach13. (unbeschrieben) blankein \freies Blatt a blank sheet of paperPlatz \frei lassen to leave a blank14. (nicht gebunden) free, singleseit er sich von seiner Freundin getrennt hat, ist er wieder frei since he has split up with his girl-friend, he is single again15. ÖKON free\freier Kapital-/Warenverkehr free movement of capital/goods\freie Marktwirtschaft free market economy\freier Wechselkurs freely floating exchange rate16. CHEM, PHYS releasedKräfte werden \frei forces are set free [or released]\freier Kohlenstoff/ \freie Wärme uncombined carbon/heat\freie Radikale free radicals17. (ungefähr)\frei nach... roughly quoting...II. adv1. (unbeeinträchtigt) freelydas Haus steht ganz \frei the house stands completely on its owndie Mörderin läuft immer noch \frei herum! the murderess is still on the loose!\frei atmen to breathe easy\frei finanziert privately financed\frei stehen to stand alone [or by itself]\frei verkäuflich for sale without restrictions\frei zugänglich accessible from all sides2. (ungezwungen) freely, openly\frei erzogen liberally educated\frei heraus sprechen to speak frankly\frei improvisieren to improvise freely3. (uneingeschränkt) casually4. (nach eigenem Belieben)\frei erfunden to be completely made up5. (gratis) freeKinder unter 6 Jahren fahren \frei children below the age of six travel freeetw \frei bekommen to get sth freeein Kabel \frei verlegen to lay a cable uncovered\frei in der Luft schweben to hover unsupported in the air\frei sprechen to speak off-the-cuff7. (nicht gefangen) freely\frei laufend Tiere free-rangeEier von \frei laufenden Hühnern eggs from free-range chickens\frei lebend living in the wild* * *1.2) (nicht angestellt) freelance <writer, worker, etc.>4) (nicht eingesperrt, gefangen) free; at liberty pred.5) (offen) openunter freiem Himmel — in the open [air]; outdoors
auf freier Strecke — (Straße) on the open road; (Eisenbahn) between stations
frei herumlaufen — < person> run around scot-free
6) (unbesetzt) vacant; unoccupied; freeein freier Stuhl/Platz — a vacant or free chair/seat
Entschuldigung, ist hier noch frei? — excuse me, is this anyone's seat etc.?
ein Bett ist [noch] frei — one bed is [still] free or not taken
7) (kostenlos) free <food, admission>20 kg Gepäck frei haben — have or be allowed a 20 kilogram baggage allowance
8) (ungenau)eine freie Übersetzung — a free or loose translation
9) (ohne Vorlage) improvised10) (uneingeschränkt) freeder freie Fall — (Physik) free fall
11)von etwas frei/frei von etwas sein — be free of something
12) (verfügbar) spare; freeich habe heute frei/meinen freien Abend — I've got today off/this is my evening off
sich (Dat.) frei nehmen — (ugs.) take some time off
er ist noch/nicht mehr frei — he is still/no longer unattached
13) (ohne Hilfsmittel)eine freie Rede — an extempore speech
14) (unbekleidet) bare15) (bes. Fußball) unmarkedfrei werden — (bei einer Reaktion) be given off
freie Hand haben/jemandem freie Hand lassen — have/give somebody a free hand
aus freien Stücken — (ugs.) of one's own accord; voluntarily
2.auf freiem Fuß — (von Verbrechern etc.) at large
* * *A. adj1. free;freier Bürger HIST freeborn citizen, freeman;ein freier Mensch (der tun kann, was er will) a free agent;sie ist frei zu gehen, wenn sie will she is free to go if she wishes;ich bin so frei obs oder hum sich bedienend etc: if I may;ich war so frei, Ihr Auto zu nehmen oderund nahm Ihr Auto I took the liberty of using your car, I helped myself to your carjetzt haben wir freie Fahrt mit Zug: the signal’s green now, the train can go now; mit Auto: the road’s clear now; fig there’s nothing to stop us now;jemanden auf freien Fuß setzen set sb free, let sb go;das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung the right of free speech ( oder of self-expression);freiem Willen of one’s own free will;die freie Wahl haben zwischen … und … be free to choose between … and …3. (unabhängig, selbstständig) Stadt etc: free; Beruf, Tankstelle etc: independent; (nicht gebunden) unattached; Journalist, Künstler etc: freelance;die freien Künste the liberal arts;4. im Namen von Organisationen etc:die Freie Hansestadt Bremen the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen;die Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg the Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg5. WIRTSCH:im freien Handel available in the shops (US in stores);freier Markt open market; BÖRSE unofficial market;freie Marktwirtschaft free market economy;freier Wechselkurs floating exchange rate;(die) freie Wirtschaft free enterprise;die Rechte an diesem Buchtitel werden bald frei the rights in this title will soon be free ( oder available)6. (unbesetzt) Stuhl, Raum etc: free, available; Leitung: vacant; Stelle: vacant, open; Straße etc: clear, empty; (unbeschrieben) Seite etc: blank;freie Stelle vacancy;der Platz noch frei? is this seat taken?, is anyone sitting here?;der Stuhl/die Zeile muss frei bleiben the chair must be kept free/the line must be left blank;Platz frei lassen/machen für leave/make space for;jemandem den Weg frei machen clear the way for sb;7. (unbedeckt) bare;der Rock lässt die Knie frei the skirt is above the knee;8. Feld, Himmel, Sicht: open;aufs freie Meer hinaus out into the open sea;in freier Wildbahn in the wild;unter freiem Himmel in the open (air), outsidefreie Zeit free ( oder leisure) time;nächsten Dienstag ist frei next Tuesday is a holiday;hast du morgen frei? do you have tomorrow off?;seitdem habe ich keine freie Minute mehr since then I haven’t had a free moment ( oder a moment to myself);freier Eintritt admission free (für to);Kinder unter sechs sind frei umg von Eintritt, Fahrgeld: children under six are free, no charge for children under six;20 kg Gepäck sind frei there is a baggage (besonders US luggage) allowance of 20kg;frei Haus carriage paid;Lieferung frei Haus free delivery, no delivery charge;dazu bekommt sie auch noch einen Job frei Haus fig what’s more she gets a job handed to her on a plate;du hast noch zwei Versuche frei fig you have two tries left11.frei von (ohne) free from ( oder of), without; von Eis, Schneeschicht etc: clear of; von Steuern etc befreit: exempt from;frei von Schmerzen free from pain;frei von Schulden free from debt;frei von Zusätzen free of additives;niemand ist frei von Fehlern/Vorurteilen nobody is perfect/free from prejudice12.freie Liebe free love;sie ist schon viel freier geworden she has loosened up a great deal14. fig Übersetzung: free;freie Hand haben have a free hand (bei with);jemandem freie Hand lassen give sb a free hand (bei with);15. Sport (ungedeckt) unmarked;zum nächsten freien Mitspieler passen pass to the nearest unmarked player;der freie Mann (vor der Abwehr) the sweeper16. Postwesen: (frankiert) prepaid, post paid17. PHYS; Elektron, Fall, Radikal etc: free; CHEM uncombined;im freien Fall in free fall;frei werden Energie etc: be released;freie Valenzen CHEM free valenciesB. adv1. atmen, herumlaufen etc: freely;frei geboren freeborn;frei laufende Hühner free-range hens;Eier von frei laufenden Hühnern free-range eggs;frei praktizierender Arzt doctor in private practice;frei halten (einen Platz) keep, save; (Straße, Einfahrt) keep clear; (Angebot, Stelle etc) keep open;„Eingang frei halten!“ keep clear;frei halten von keep free of; (Eingang, Straße etc) keep clear of;sich frei halten keep o.s. free (für for);sich frei halten von ward off, avoid2. herumliegen etc: openly;frei stehen Baum, Haus etc: stand by itself; (leer stehen) be unoccupied, be empty; SPORT, Spieler: be unmarked;frei stehend Baum: solitary; Haus, nicht angebaut: detached; einzeln: isolated; SPORT, Spieler: unmarked3. WIRTSCH:frei erhältlich freely available;frei finanziert privately financed;frei konvertierbar freely convertible;frei verkäuflich on general sale, freely available (to buy)4. TECH:frei beweglich freely moving, mobile;schwebend unsupported5.6.frei sprechen Redner: speak without notes; mit Handy im Auto: phone ( oder talk) hands-free, use the speaker phone;ich möchte den Vortrag frei halten I want to give the lecture without notes;einen Kreis frei zeichnen draw a circle freehand;das Kind kann schon frei laufen/stehen the child can walk/stand unaided7.frei erfunden (entirely) fictitious;das hat er frei erfunden he made that up;8. (liberal) liberally;…frei im adjstickstofffrei nitrogen-free, non-nitrogenous;tuberkulosefrei free from tuberculosis2. nicht geschehend: non-…;blendfrei Beleuchtung: non-dazzle;repressionsfrei Erziehung: non-repressive;schrumpffrei Wäsche: non-shrink, shrink-free3. nicht verlangt: exempt from …, …-exempt;visumfrei not requiring a visa, visa-exempt;zuschlagfrei on which no supplement is payable, exempt from supplementfesselfrei clear of the ankles;nabelfrei with a bare midriff;schulterfrei off-the-shoulder5. unabhängig: independent of …;bündnisfrei independent of any alliance, unallied;reichsfrei HIST under the direct rule of the Emperor;trustfrei non-trust* * *1.1) free <man, will, life, people, decision, etc.>2) (nicht angestellt) freelance <writer, worker, etc.>3) (ungezwungen) free and easy; lax (derog.)4) (nicht eingesperrt, gefangen) free; at liberty pred.5) (offen) openunter freiem Himmel — in the open [air]; outdoors
auf freier Strecke — (Straße) on the open road; (Eisenbahn) between stations
frei herumlaufen — < person> run around scot-free
6) (unbesetzt) vacant; unoccupied; freeein freier Stuhl/Platz — a vacant or free chair/seat
Entschuldigung, ist hier noch frei? — excuse me, is this anyone's seat etc.?
ein Bett ist [noch] frei — one bed is [still] free or not taken
7) (kostenlos) free <food, admission>20 kg Gepäck frei haben — have or be allowed a 20 kilogram baggage allowance
8) (ungenau)eine freie Übersetzung — a free or loose translation
9) (ohne Vorlage) improvised10) (uneingeschränkt) freeder freie Fall — (Physik) free fall
11)von etwas frei/frei von etwas sein — be free of something
12) (verfügbar) spare; freeich habe heute frei/meinen freien Abend — I've got today off/this is my evening off
sich (Dat.) frei nehmen — (ugs.) take some time off
er ist noch/nicht mehr frei — he is still/no longer unattached
13) (ohne Hilfsmittel)14) (unbekleidet) bare15) (bes. Fußball) unmarked16) (Chemie, Physik) freefrei werden — (bei einer Reaktion) be given off
freie Hand haben/jemandem freie Hand lassen — have/give somebody a free hand
aus freien Stücken — (ugs.) of one's own accord; voluntarily
2.auf freiem Fuß — (von Verbrechern etc.) at large
* * *adj.clear adj.detached adj.free adj.spare adj.uncommitted adj.unengaged adj.unenslaved adj.unfettered adj.unrestricted adj.untrapped adj. adv.freely adv.
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